The Buddha smiled again!

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The Buddha smiled again!

The Pokhran-II tests were a series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India; the first test, code-named Smiling Buddha, was conducted in May 1974 and forced an entry into the big 5 club.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi took a bold decision to make India a nuclear power at par with the others after the victory and surrender of 93,000 Pakistani army, and creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Her foresight and planning during those difficult years helped India achieve this and forced an entry into the Big 5 club. And a year later the merger of Sikkim with India happened in 1975. Many provisions of the Indian constitution had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties between Sikkim and India. Indira Gandhi was at the peak of her popularity.

APJ Abdul Kalam helped India to become a nuclear power during Pokran II. Earlier, codenamed Smiling Buddha, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi conducted the Pokran I tests on 18 May 1974 to avoid the threat of sanctions from Western powers. The bomb was denoted on the Army base Pokran Test Range, in Rajasthan, by the Indian Army under the supervision of Indian Generals, However, this wasn’t enough to place India on the same page as other nuclear powers. And as she lost power at the centre, she couldn’t finish the unfinished task. And this was no longer the priority of succeeding governments.

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But things changed in the 1980s when Pakistan began to covertly develop its own nuclear program. After Atal Bihari Vajpayee came to power, the then DAE chief R Chidambaram and DRDO chief APJ Abdul Kalam were given approval for the nuclear tests to be conducted in extreme secrecy.

In 1995, India-approved nuclear tests were aborted after CIA’s intervention. Thus, India had no option but to take its next step stealthily. With the help of the then Chief Scientific Advisor, Abdul Kalam, Pokran II was planned among only a small group of scientists which even excluded senior government officials.

As the desert provided no cover for such a large-scale operation, artificial sand dunes were created, and Dr Abdul Kalam took Maj Gen Prithviraj’s name. The thermonuclear devices were placed in a shaft code-named White House and all other testing material was codenamed and transported in Army trucks to camouflage the activity.

DRDO officials carefully examined the timing of the US satellite positions over India and worked only at night when chances of detection were very low. Even the scientists wore Army uniforms under the radar hoodwinking the CIA. The whole operation was conducted under extreme secrecy to avoid anyone getting any ideas as to what is happening in the remote desert.

Christened as Operation Shakti, a series of 5 nuclear explosions were carried out between May 11 and May 13, 1998, days after India claimed that it had no intentions of testing nuclear devices. Finally, after two decades, Pokran tests were successfully conducted under the Missile Man of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. The Buddha smiled again! And it helped India’s entry into the Big 5.

The tests achieved their main objective of giving India the capability to build fission and thermonuclear weapons with yields up to 200 kilotons. Subsequently, India established computer simulation capability to predict yields of nuclear explosives whose designs are related to the designs of explosives used in this test.

India joined the Big 5 states after these tests and was declared one of the nuclear weapon states under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty who were also the 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council. The West were not happy but had to accept India as the member of this elite club. India was vociferously criticized by many countries. Sanctions too were applied by some. India ignored all these objections and pointed out the double standards of the West and went ahead with its development. The world had to accept the truth.

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The Indian Diaspora

The Diaspora is estimated to number over twenty million people, made up of NRIs (Indian citizens who do not reside in India) and PIOs (Persons of Indian Origin who have acquired citizenship of some other country). India has the world’s second-largest Diaspora. India has the a large diaspora in the world, with around 18 million of its citizens living in other countries. The US is their top destination: in 2017, people of Indian descent made up 1.3% of the American population, and they are the most successful immigrants in the country.

Indian diaspora has significant impact on the globalisation of economy of India, especially in the following areas: Current top recipient of remittance, India has been ranked first for several years. Generations of diaspora have enhanced India's soft power through proliferation of elements of Indian culture. The political clout of India's diaspora can be estimated by the fact, the role it played in turning around doubting legislators into voting for the India-U.S. nuclear deal. Indian diaspora is not just a part of India’s soft power, but a fully transferable political vote bank as well.

The Indian diaspora and NRIs are in the news after Indian PM and Rahul Gandhi visited foreign countries. An euphoria was created about the support and cheering of the Indian leaders. Much was spoken and written about their support to the Indian leaders, their reaction and belief. It makes interesting reading. The media and the people get carried away by the reports of the support and cheering.

A senior journalist of Indian origin based in Australia working with the foreign media spelt out the facts about the Indian diaspora, which is true about the Indians elsewhere too in US, UK, Europe, Canada and other countries. According to him, Indian diaspora in any country doesn’t support any one particular politician, but they are broadly divided into three categories.

The first category are the staunch supporters of the present government, who are in large numbers, they attend, follow and cheer the PM. They show their support openly. The second category is the opposed to the present government and they are even more in numbers. Most of them are well educated, well employed, professionals, businessmen and intellectuals, who don’t support the present government, but attend the PM’s program either out of curiosity or to just see the Indian PM because of their connection with India. And the third category are those Indians who have come and settled in the countries, mainly from Kenya, Uganda, middle-east and other smaller countries. They are mostly second of third generation Indians. They are not bothered about an Indian leaders visit. They neither attend, support or cheer the Indian leaders.

The Indian media goes overboard about the support and cheering of the leaders during their foreign tours. Many a times, during foreign visits, along with a section of Indian diaspora supporting and cheering the Indian leaders, another section protests and criticizes the leader.

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Picture Post:

Dharmastala, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

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